Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice

Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis

Content analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a single method, current applications of content analysis show three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative. All three approaches are used to interpret meaning from the content of text data and, hence, adhere to the naturalistic paradigm. The major differences among the approaches are coding schemes, origins of codes, and threats to trustworthiness. In conventional content analysis, coding categories are derived directly from the text data. With a directed approach, analysis starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes. A summative content analysis involves counting and comparisons, usually of keywords or content, followed by the interpretation of the underlying context. The authors delineate analytic procedures specific to each approach and techniques addressing trustworthiness with hypothetical examples drawn from the area of end-of-life care.

Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness

Nursing Research - Generating And Assessing Evidence For Nursing Practice

Thoroughly updated and revised to emphasize the link between research and evidence-based practice, this Ninth Edition of a classic textbook presents state-of-the-art methods for conducting high-quality studies. The ancillary Resource Manual includes application exercises, models of comprehensive research critiques, a full NINR grant application, and a Toolkit on a CD-ROM, containing exemplary research tools (e.g., consent forms, a demographic questionnaire, statistical table templates)--all in easily-adapted Word documents.