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1948 · Bell System Technical Journal

A Mathematical Theory of Communication

Claude E. Shannon

In this final installment of the paper we consider the case where the signals or the messages or both are continuously variable, in contrast with the discrete nature assumed until now. To a considerable extent the continuous case can be obtained through a limiting process from the discrete case by dividing the continuum of messages and signals into a large but finite number of small regions and calculating the various parameters involved on a discrete basis. As the size of the regions is decreased these parameters in general approach as limits the proper values for the continuous case. There are, however, a few new effects that appear and also a general change of emphasis in the direction of specialization of the general results to particular cases.

9,742 citations7 viewsFull text
DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x
1948 · Bell System Technical Journal

A Mathematical Theory of Communication

Claude E. Shannon

The recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A basis for such a theory is contained in the important papers of Nyquist1and Hartley2on this subject. In the present paper we will extend the theory to include a number of new factors, in particular the effect of noise in the channel, and the savings possible due to the statistical structure of the original message and due to the nature of the final destination of the information.

81,746 citations7 views
DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x