Cosmology and Gravitation Theories

Review of Particle Physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl.gov . Contents Abstract, Contributors, Highlights and Table of Contents Acrobat PDF (4.4 MB) Introduction Acrobat PDF (595 KB) Particle Physics Summary Tables Gauge and Higgs bosons Acrobat PDF (204 KB) Leptons Acrobat PDF (167 KB) Quarks Acrobat PDF (115 KB) Mesons Acrobat PDF (976 KB) Baryons Acrobat PDF (384 KB) Searches (Supersymmetry, Compositeness, etc.) Acrobat PDF (120 KB) Tests of conservation laws Acrobat PDF (383 KB) Reviews, Tables, and Plots Detailed contents for this section Acrobat PDF (73 KB) Constants, Units, Atomic and Nuclear Properties Acrobat PDF (395 KB) Standard Model and Related Topics Acrobat PDF (8.37 MB) Astrophysics and Cosmology Acrobat PDF (3.79 MB) Experimental Methods and Colliders Acrobat PDF (3.82 MB) Mathematical Tools of Statistics, Monte Carlo, Group Theory Acrobat PDF (1.77 MB) Kinematics, Cross-Section Formulae, and Plots <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xl

Review of Particle Physics

Is cosmic speed-up due to new gravitational physics?

We show that cosmic acceleration can arise due to very tiny corrections to the usual gravitational action of general relativity, of the form ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$ with $n&gt;0.$ This model eliminates the need for a nonzero cosmological constant or any other form of dark energy, attributing a purely gravitational origin to the acceleration of the universe.

Lectures on holographic methods for condensed matter physics

These notes are loosely based on lectures given at the CERN Winter School on Supergravity, Strings and Gauge theories, February 2009, and at the IPM String School in Tehran, April 2009. I have focused on a few concrete topics and also on addressing questions that have arisen repeatedly. Background condensed matter physics material is included as motivation and easy reference for the high energy physics community. The discussion of holographic techniques progresses from equilibrium, to transport and to superconductivity.

Hyberbolic Conservation Laws in Continuum Physics

Search for new physics with atoms and molecules

Advances in atomic physics, such as cooling and trapping of atoms and molecules and developments in frequency metrology, have added orders of magnitude to the precision of atom-based clocks and sensors. Applications extend beyond atomic physics and this article reviews using these new techniques to address important challenges in physics and to look for variations in the fundamental constants, search for interactions beyond the standard model of particle physics, and test the principles of general relativity.

Can chaos be observed in quantum gravity?

Full general relativity is almost certainly ‘chaotic’. We argue that this entails a notion of non-integrability: a generic general relativistic model, at least when coupled to cosmologically interesting matter, likely possesses neither differentiable Dirac observables nor a reduced phase space. It follows that the standard notion of observable has to be extended to include non-differentiable or even discontinuous generalized observables. These cannot carry Poisson-algebraic structures and do not admit a standard quantization; one thus faces a quantum representation problem of gravitational observables. This has deep consequences for a quantum theory of gravity, which we investigate in a simple model for a system with Hamiltonian constraint that fails to be completely integrable. We show that basing the quantization on standard topology precludes a semiclassical limit and can even prohibit any solutions to the quantum constraints. Our proposed solution to this problem is to refine topology such that a complete set of Dirac observables becomes continuous. In the toy model, it turns out that a refinement to a polymer-type topology, as e.g. used in loop gravity, is sufficient. Basing quantization of the toy model on this finer topology, we find a complete set of quantum Dirac observables and a suitable semiclassical limit. This strategy is applicable to realistic candidate theories of quantum gravity and thereby suggests a solution to a long-standing problem which implies ramifications for the very concept of quantization. Our work reveals a qualitatively novel facet of chaos in physics and opens up a new avenue of research on chaos in gravity which hints at deep insights into the structure of quantum gravity.

Holography for tensor models

In this article we explore the holographic duals of tensor models using collective field theory. We develop a description of the gauge invariant variables of the tensor model. This is then used to develop a collective field theory description of the dynamics. We consider matrixlike subsectors that develop an extra holographic dimension. In particular, we develop the collective field theory for the matrixlike sector of an interacting tensor model. We check the correctness of the large $N$ collective field by showing that it reproduces the perturbative expansion of large $N$ expectation values. In contrast to this, we argue that melonic large $N$ limits do not develop an extra dimension. This conclusion follows from the large $N$ value for the melonic collective field, which has delta function support. The finite $N$ physics of the model is also developed and nonperturbative effects in the $1/N$ expansion are exhibited.

The Dynamic Renormalization-Group Theory above a Nematic-Smectic A Transition

Progress of Theoretical Physics Vol. 58 No. 1 (1977) pp. 77-91 The Mode-Coupling Theory for the Nematic Mesophase near the Clearing Point Yasuhiro Shiwa

Photo-Neutral Vector Meson Couplings in the Relativistic Extended Quark Model

Progress of Theoretical Physics Vol. 49 No. 1 (1973) pp. 282-292 High Energy Photo-Reactions and Generalized Vector Meson Dominance Model in the Relativistically Extended Quark Model Tsunehiro Kobayashi Progress of Theoretical Physics Vol. 52 No. 4 (1974) pp. 1355-1368 Gauge Freedom in Dual Feynman-Like Rules and Its Relation to the Massless Yang-Mills Field Theory Tamiaki Yoneya