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Hamid Asayesh

· Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services

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Hamid Asayesh is a registered researcher in their academic field.

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Global Cancer Incidence and Screening, COVID-19 and healthcare impacts, Hematological disorders and diagnostics · 2019 · JAMA Oncology

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017

Christina Fitzmaurice, Degu Abate, Naghmeh Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Omar Abdel‐Rahman, Ahmed Abdelalim, Amir Abdoli, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Abdishakur S. M. Abdulle, Nebiyu Dereje Abebe, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Laith J. Abu‐Raddad, Ahmed Abualhasan, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Shailesh M Advani, Mohsen Afarideh, Mahdi Afshari, Mohammad Aghaali, Dominic Agius, Sutapa Agrawal, Ayat Ahmadi, Elham Ahmadian, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Tomi Akinyemiju, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Assim M. AlAbdulKader, Fares Alahdab, Shazia Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Birhan Alemnew, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Cyrus Alinia, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Fatemeh Allah Bakeshei, Majid A. Almadi, Amir Almasi‐Hashiani, Ubai Alsharif, Shirina Alsowaidi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Erfan Amini, Saeed Amini, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Zohreh Anbari, Nahla Anber, Cătălina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Morteza Arab‐Zozani, Jalal Arabloo, Zohreh Arefi, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Al Artaman, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Reza Assadi, Bahar Ataeinia, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Zerihun Ataro, Suleman Atique, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Ávila‐Burgos, Euripide Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Henok Tadesse Ayele, Ebrahim Babaee, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Eleni Bagli, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Abbas Balouchi, Till Bärnighausen, Robert J. Battista, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Yared Belete Belay, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Kathleen Berfield, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabé, Mircea Beuran, Nickhill Bhakta, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Charles Birungi, Catherine Bisignano

Importance Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.

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Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins, Cardiac Health and Mental Health · 2017 · Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Gregory A. Roth, Catherine O. Johnson, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Foad Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede Abera, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Baran Aksut, Shazia Alam, Khurshid Alam, François Alla, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Stephen M. Amrock, Hossein Ansari, Johan Ärnlöv, Hamid Asayesh, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Leticia Ávila‐Burgos, Ashish Awasthi, Amitava Banerjee, Aleksandra Barać, Till Bärnighausen, Lars Barregård, Neeraj Bedi, Ezra B. Ketema, Derrick Bennett, Gebremedhin Berhe, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Shimelash Bitew Workie, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Juan Jesús Carrero, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo-Rivas, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jee-Young Choi, Hanne Christensen, Massimo Círillo, Leslie T. Cooper, Michael H Criqui, David K Cundiff, Albertino Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Kairat Davletov, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Prabhakaran Dorairaj, Manisha Dubey, Rebecca Ehrenkranz, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Alireza Esteghamati, Talha Farid, Maryam S. Farvid, Valery L. Feigin, Eric L. Ding, Gerry Fowkes, Tsegaye Gebrehiwot, Richard F Gillum, Audra L Gold, Philimon Gona, Rajeev Gupta, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Nima Hafezi‐Nejad, Tesfayé Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Graeme J. Hankey, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Masako Horino, Peter J. Hotez, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Spencer L James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Denny John, Jost B. Jonas, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Chanté Karimkhani, Amir Kasaeian, Yousef Khader, Abdur Rahman Khan, Young‐Ho Khang, Sahil Khera, Abdullah T Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Daniel Kim, Dhaval Kolte, Soewarta Kosen, Kristopher J Krohn, G Anil Kumar, Gene F. Kwan, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Anders Larsson, Shai Linn, Alan D Lopez, Paulo A. Lotufo, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek

BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.

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Smoking Behavior and Cessation, Health disparities and outcomes, Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging · 2017 · The Lancet

Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Marissa B Reitsma, Nancy Fullman, Marie Ng, Joseph S Salama, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Semaw Ferede Abera, Biju Abraham, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Akindele O. Adebiyi, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Alicia V Aleman, Raghib Ali, Ala’a Alkerwi, Peter Allebeck, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Azmeraw T. Amare, Alemayehu Amberbir, Walid Ammar, Stephen M. Amrock, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Hamid Asayesh, Niguse Tadela Atnafu, Peter Azzopardi, Amitava Banerjee, Aleksandra Barać, Tonatiuh Barrientos‐Gutiérrez, Ana Basto‐Abreu, Shahrzad Bazargan‐Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Brent Bell, Aminu K. Bello, Isabela M. Benseñor, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Neeraj Bhala, Stan Biryukov, Kaylin Bolt, Hermann Brenner, Zahid A Butt, Fiorella Cavalleri, Kelly Cercy, Honglei Chen, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Liliana G Ciobanu, Valentina Colistro, Mercedes Colomar, Leslie Cornaby, Xiaochen Dai, Solomon Abrha Damtew, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Emily Dansereau, Kairat Davletov, Anand Dayama, Tizta Tilahun Degfie, Amare Deribew, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Balem Dimtsu, Kerrie Doyle, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Kara Estep, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Florian Fischer, Joseph Friedman, Tsegaye Tewelde G/hiwot, Seana Gall, Wayne Gao, Richard F Gillum, Audra L Gold, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Carolyn Gotay, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Randah R Hamadeh, Graeme J. Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Simon I Hay, Masako Horino, Nobuyuki Horita, Hung Chak Ho, Abdullatif Husseini, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, Farhad Islami, Guohong Jiang, Ying Jiang, Jost B. Jonas, Zubair Kabir, Ritul Kamal, Amir Kasaeian, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Khader, Ibrahim Khalil, Young‐Ho Khang, Sahil Khera

BACKGROUND: The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. METHODS: We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). FINDINGS: Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2-25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1-5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8-31·1) and 34·4% (29·4-38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (6·4 million [95% UI 5·7-7·0 million]) were attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52·2% took place in four countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts, male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile, population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI geographies between 2005 and 2015. INTERPRETATION: The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll, unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been achieved during the past 25 years. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies.

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Global Cancer Incidence and Screening, Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers, Frailty in Older Adults · 2016 · JAMA Oncology

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015

Christina Fitzmaurice, Christine A. Allen, Ryan M Barber, Lars Barregård, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hermann Brenner, Daniel Dicker, Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Tom Fleming, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Jamie Hancock, Roderick J. Hay, Rachel Hunter‐Merrill, Chantal Huynh, Hung Chak Ho, Catherine O. Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Jagdish Khubchandani, G Anil Kumar, Michael Kutz, Qing Lan, Heidi J. Larson, Xiaofeng Liang, Stephen S Lim, Alan D Lopez, Michael F MacIntyre, Laurie B. Marczak, Neal Marquez, Ali H. Mokdad, Christine Pinho, Farshad Pourmalek, Joshua A. Salomon, Juan Sanabria, Logan Sandar, Benn Sartorius, Stephen M. Schwartz, Katya Anne Shackelford, Kenji Shibuya, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Caitlyn Steiner, Jiandong Sun, Ken Takahashi, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Joseph A. Wagner, Haidong Wang, Ronny Westerman, Hajo Zeeb, Leo Zoeckler, Foad Abd-Allah, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Samer Alabed, Noore Alam, Saleh Fahed Aldhahri, Girma Alem, Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu, Raghib Ali, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Azmeraw T. Amare, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Al Artaman, Hamid Asayesh, Niguse Tadele Atnafu, Ashish Awasthi, Huda Ba Saleem, Aleksandra Barać, Neeraj Bedi, Isabela M. Benseñor, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Agnès Binagwaho, Dube Jara Boneya, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Chioma Chibueze, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Benjamin Cowie, Solomon Abrha Damtew, José das Neves, Suhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preet K. Dhillon, Eric L. Ding, Tim Driscoll, Donatus U. Ekwueme, Aman Yesuf Endries, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, João Carlos Fernandes, Florian Fischer, Tsegaye Tewelde G/hiwot, Alemseged Aregay Gebru, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alemayehu Hailu

IMPORTANCE: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results. FINDINGS: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.

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