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Jagdish Khubchandani

· Ball State University

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Jagdish Khubchandani is a registered researcher in their academic field.

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Global Cancer Incidence and Screening, Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers, Cancer Risks and Factors · 2018 · JAMA Oncology

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016

Christina Fitzmaurice, Tomi Akinyemiju, Faris Lami, Shazia Alam, Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei, Christine A. Allen, Ubai Alsharif, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Erfan Amini, Benjamin O. Anderson, Olatunde Aremu, Al Artaman, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Reza Assadi, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Leticia Ávila‐Burgos, Ashish Awasthi, Huda Omer Ba Saleem, Aleksandra Barać, James R. Bennett, Isabela M. Benseñor, Nickhill Bhakta, Hermann Brenner, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jee-Young J Choi, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Sheng‐Chia Chung, María Paula Curado, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, José das Neves, Subhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, David Teye Doku, Tim Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Dumessa Edessa, Ziad El‐Khatib, Aman Yesuf Endries, Florian Fischer, Lisa M Force, Kyle J Foreman, Solomon Weldemariam Gebrehiwot, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Grosso, Rahul Gupta, Bishal Gyawali, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, James Harvey, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Roderick J. Hay, Simon I Hay, Behzad Heibati, Molla Kahssay Hiluf, Nobuyuki Horita, Hung Chak Ho, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Kaire Innos, Farhad Islami, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Amir Kasaeian, Tesfaye Kassa, Yousef Khader, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Young‐Ho Khang, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Jacek A Kopec, G Anil Kumar, Michael Kutz, Deepesh Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Qing Lan, Yirga Legesse, James Leigh, Shai Linn, Raimundas Lunevičius, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Déborah Carvalho Malta, LG Mantovani, Brian J. McMahon, Toni Meier, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Mulugeta Melku, Peter Memiah, Walter Mendoza, Tuomo J Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Ted R. Miller, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Mahmood Moosazadeh

Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. Objective: To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. Evidence Review: Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. Findings: In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, -1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories. Conclusions and Relevance: Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.

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Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins, Cardiac Health and Mental Health · 2017 · Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Gregory A. Roth, Catherine O. Johnson, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Foad Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede Abera, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Baran Aksut, Shazia Alam, Khurshid Alam, François Alla, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Stephen M. Amrock, Hossein Ansari, Johan Ärnlöv, Hamid Asayesh, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Leticia Ávila‐Burgos, Ashish Awasthi, Amitava Banerjee, Aleksandra Barać, Till Bärnighausen, Lars Barregård, Neeraj Bedi, Ezra B. Ketema, Derrick Bennett, Gebremedhin Berhe, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Shimelash Bitew Workie, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Juan Jesús Carrero, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo-Rivas, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jee-Young Choi, Hanne Christensen, Massimo Círillo, Leslie T. Cooper, Michael H Criqui, David K Cundiff, Albertino Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Kairat Davletov, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Prabhakaran Dorairaj, Manisha Dubey, Rebecca Ehrenkranz, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Alireza Esteghamati, Talha Farid, Maryam S. Farvid, Valery L. Feigin, Eric L. Ding, Gerry Fowkes, Tsegaye Gebrehiwot, Richard F Gillum, Audra L Gold, Philimon Gona, Rajeev Gupta, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Nima Hafezi‐Nejad, Tesfayé Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Graeme J. Hankey, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Masako Horino, Peter J. Hotez, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Spencer L James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Denny John, Jost B. Jonas, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Chanté Karimkhani, Amir Kasaeian, Yousef Khader, Abdur Rahman Khan, Young‐Ho Khang, Sahil Khera, Abdullah T Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Daniel Kim, Dhaval Kolte, Soewarta Kosen, Kristopher J Krohn, G Anil Kumar, Gene F. Kwan, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Anders Larsson, Shai Linn, Alan D Lopez, Paulo A. Lotufo, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek

BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.

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Global Cancer Incidence and Screening, Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers, Frailty in Older Adults · 2016 · JAMA Oncology

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015

Christina Fitzmaurice, Christine A. Allen, Ryan M Barber, Lars Barregård, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hermann Brenner, Daniel Dicker, Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Tom Fleming, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Jamie Hancock, Roderick J. Hay, Rachel Hunter‐Merrill, Chantal Huynh, Hung Chak Ho, Catherine O. Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Jagdish Khubchandani, G Anil Kumar, Michael Kutz, Qing Lan, Heidi J. Larson, Xiaofeng Liang, Stephen S Lim, Alan D Lopez, Michael F MacIntyre, Laurie B. Marczak, Neal Marquez, Ali H. Mokdad, Christine Pinho, Farshad Pourmalek, Joshua A. Salomon, Juan Sanabria, Logan Sandar, Benn Sartorius, Stephen M. Schwartz, Katya Anne Shackelford, Kenji Shibuya, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Caitlyn Steiner, Jiandong Sun, Ken Takahashi, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Joseph A. Wagner, Haidong Wang, Ronny Westerman, Hajo Zeeb, Leo Zoeckler, Foad Abd-Allah, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Samer Alabed, Noore Alam, Saleh Fahed Aldhahri, Girma Alem, Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu, Raghib Ali, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Azmeraw T. Amare, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Al Artaman, Hamid Asayesh, Niguse Tadele Atnafu, Ashish Awasthi, Huda Ba Saleem, Aleksandra Barać, Neeraj Bedi, Isabela M. Benseñor, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Agnès Binagwaho, Dube Jara Boneya, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Chioma Chibueze, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Benjamin Cowie, Solomon Abrha Damtew, José das Neves, Suhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preet K. Dhillon, Eric L. Ding, Tim Driscoll, Donatus U. Ekwueme, Aman Yesuf Endries, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, João Carlos Fernandes, Florian Fischer, Tsegaye Tewelde G/hiwot, Alemseged Aregay Gebru, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alemayehu Hailu

IMPORTANCE: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results. FINDINGS: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.

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